There are several types of tenders used in procurement processes, each with its own purpose and application depending on the project or purchase. Here?s an overview of the most common types of tenders:

1. Open Tender:
Definition: This is the most common type of tendering where any supplier or contractor can submit a bid.
Usage: Often used for large public sector projects to encourage competition and transparency.
Advantage: Maximizes competition and transparency.
Example: A government agency invites bids from contractors to build a new highway, and any contractor can apply.

2. Selective Tender:
Definition: In selective tendering, only pre-qualified suppliers or contractors are invited to submit bids.
Usage: Used when the project requires specialized skills or experience, and the buyer wants to limit the number of bidders.
Advantage: Ensures only capable and experienced bidders are involved, reducing risks.
Example: A hospital construction project may invite only contractors with prior healthcare project experience.

3. Negotiated Tender:
Definition: In a negotiated tender, the buyer negotiates directly with one or more suppliers to reach an agreement.
Usage: Typically used when the project is complex, time-sensitive, or when there's an existing relationship with the supplier.
Advantage: Can speed up the process and ensure a more tailored approach.
Example: A company negotiates with an IT service provider to develop a custom software solution.

4. Single-Stage Tender:
Definition: A process where all tender documents are submitted at once in a single stage, without a pre-qualification phase.
Usage: Suitable for simpler or smaller projects where pre-qualification is not necessary.
Advantage: Faster process for both the buyer and the bidder.
Example: A small business project, like office furniture supply, where bidders submit their quotes and details in one go.

5. Two-Stage Tender:
Definition: In the two-stage process, an initial tender is submitted with basic proposals, and then shortlisted bidders are asked to submit more detailed bids.
Usage: Used for large or complex projects where detailed project specifications may evolve.
Advantage: Allows refinement of project scope before committing to a final contract.
Example: An infrastructure project where initial designs and concepts are reviewed, followed by detailed bids from a select few.

6. Framework Agreement:
Definition: A type of tender where multiple suppliers are awarded a contract for ongoing work over a set period, without guaranteeing specific quantities.
Usage: Used for ongoing supply of goods or services over time.
Advantage: Ensures flexibility for future purchases, with predefined terms.
Example: A government office sets up a framework agreement with several suppliers for IT equipment over four years.

7. Serial Tender:
Definition: This involves a bidder submitting a tender based on a long-term relationship and agreed-upon rates for repeat work.
Usage: Ideal for ongoing projects where the contractor provides similar services or products multiple times.
Advantage: Saves time, as the terms and conditions are pre-agreed.
Example: A construction company handling ongoing renovation works for a client at pre-set rates.

8. Single Tender:
Definition: This tender type involves only one supplier being invited to submit a bid, often due to unique expertise or proprietary technology.
Usage: Used in cases where only one supplier is capable of meeting the project requirements.
Advantage: Ensures quick procurement when there's only one suitable supplier.
Example: A government agency buying defense equipment from a specialized manufacturer.

9. E-Tendering:
Definition: A fully electronic version of the tendering process where bids are submitted, evaluated, and awarded online.
Usage: Used for projects that require efficiency, transparency, and ease of documentation.
Advantage: Streamlines the tender process and reduces paperwork.
Example: A municipality uses an online portal to invite and process bids for waste management services.

Conclusion:
Each type of tender serves a specific purpose based on the complexity, urgency, and nature of the project. Understanding these tender types helps businesses identify the right opportunities and prepare accordingly for success in procurement.